America’s Early Capitols (1779-1861)
The earliest American capitols reflected a strong English influence through the Georgian and Federal styles. Thomas Jefferson’s Virginia State Capitol marked a shift towards Greek Revival architecture, symbolizing a break from British tradition. Though modest, early capitols reached skyward with belfries, cupolas, and wooden domes sheathed in copper, which were vulnerable to leaks and fire.
An 1847 fire in Alabama’s old capitol spurred innovation. Its replacement became the first to incorporate an iron dome. This is but one of many examples of how readily affordable iron, made possible by furnace advances, transformed American skylines.
Maryland (1779)
Georgian, Federal
Photo: Feliz Lipov
Virginia (1788)
Neoclassical
Photo: Sean Pavone
New Jersey (1792)
Georgian Revival
Photo: Henryk Sadura
Massachusetts (1798)
Federal
Photo: Diego Grandi
New Hampshire (1819)
Federal, Colonial Revival
Photo: Zack Frank
Maine (1832)
Greek Revival, Neoclassical
Photo: Wangkun Jia
North Carolina (1840)
Greek Revival, Georgian Revival
Photo: Sean Pavone
Alabama (1851)
Greek Revival
Photo: Sean Pavone
Vermont (1859)
Greek Revival
Photo: Wangkun Jia
Tennessee (1859)
Greek Revival
Photo: Wangkun Jia
Ohio (1861)
Greek Revival
Photo: Joseph Sohm
The National Capitol Sets the Standard (1856-1866)
The U.S. Capitol’s iconic iron dome, begun in 1856 and completed in 1866, set a new standard for state capitol design nationwide. The decision to continue its construction during the Civil War underscored the Federal Government’s dedication to preserving the Union. To the thousands of men and women who spent time in Washington during the war, it came to symbolize hope for a better future and liberty for all - including those formerly enslaved.
The U.S. Capitol as it appeared in the 1830s with its shallow “Bullfinch” dome.
The U.S. Capitol nearing completion of its current dome in the 1860s.
Images courtesy the Library of Congress
American Renaissance Revival Capitols (1869-1903)
Following the Civil War, as the nation sought unity and healing, the newly completed dome of the U.S. Capitol emerged as a powerful symbol of American government. Soon tall domes—often made partly or completely of iron--became the defining architectural feature of the many new state capitols being constructed across the country.
This era, spanning from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of World War I, is often called the golden age of state capitol construction. During this time, twenty-nine current state capitol buildings were constructed. Many other pre-existing capitols were dramatically expanded with additional wings, levels, and domes.
California (1869)
Neoclassical, Renaissance Revival
Photo: Sundry Photography
Nevada (1871)
Classical Revival, Italianate
Photo: Joseph Sohm
Michigan (1879)
Renaissance Revival
Photo: MotionPossible
Connecticut (1879)
High Victorian Gothic
Photo: Wangkun Jia
Iowa (1884)
Renaissance Revival
Photo: Joseph Sohm
Illinois (1888)
French Renaissance Revival
Photo: Henryk Sadura
Indiana (1888)
Renaissance Revival
Photo: Jonathan Weiss
Texas (1888)
Renaissance Revival
Photo: Stan A. Williams
Georgia (1889)
Greek Revival
Photo: Felix Mizioznikov
Wyoming (1890)
Classical Revival
Photo: Logan Bush
Colorado (1894)
Renaissance Revival
Photo: f11photo
New York (1899)
Romanesque Revival, Renaissance Revival
Photo: Wangkun Jia
Arizona (1901)
Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival
Photo: Logan Bush
Montana (1902)
Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival
Photo: Framalicious
Kansas (1903)
Renaissance Revival, Beaux-Arts
Photo: Wirestock Creators
American Beaux Arts Capitols (1902-1928)
The 1893 Columbian Exhibition, or Chicago World’s Fair, heralded the flowering of the French-inspired Beaux Arts movement in America. Millions of fair visitors marveled at the “White City” and took home a taste for increasingly elaborate commercial and public buildings as part of the new “City Beautiful” movement. In the following years, prosperous communities built new city halls, courthouses, and Capitols in this style.
Many of the new Beaux Arts buildings constructed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries contained popular new building materials, like steel and electric lights. Many Capitols affixed and strung lightbulbs on every available surface, including both interior and exterior domes. Soon America’s newest Capitols shone as beacons in an entirely new way.
Mississippi (1903)
Greek Revival
Photo: Sean Pavone
Rhode Island (1904)
Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival
Photo: Wangkun Jia
Minnesota (1905)
Renaissance Revival, Beaux-Arts
Photo: Joseph Sohm
Pennsylvania (1906)
Renaissance Revival, Beaux-Arts
Photo: The Clio
South Carolina (1907)
Greek Revival, Neoclassical
Photo: Sean Pavone
Kentucky (1910)
Beaux-Arts, Neoclassical
Photo: Sean Pavone
South Dakota (1910)
Beaux-Arts
Photo: Joseph Sohm
Arkansas (1915)
Beaux-Arts, Neoclassical
Photo: Joseph Sohm
Utah (1916)
Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival
Photo: Traveler70
Missouri (1917)
Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival
Photo: Wirestock Creators
Wisconsin (1917)
Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival
Photo: Sean Pavone
Oklahoma (1917)
Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival
Photo: Henryk Sadura
Idaho (1920)
Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival
Photo: Nick Fox
Washington (1928)
Beaux-Arts, Neoclassical
Photo: Zack Frank
America’s Modern Capitols (1931-1977)
Capitols built from the 1930s onward reflect new interpretations of traditional forms, blending classical elements with regional identity and modern sensibilities. These “modern” capitols move beyond Neo-classical symmetry, embracing localized styles and materials. They show how architecture can express both governmental authority and regional character.
Delaware’s Legislative Hall, completed in 1933, incorporates Colonial Revival elements into a twentieth-century sized building. Its central tower, multi-pane windows, and classical cornice nod to the East Coast’s English colonial past. Hawaii’s Capitol, dedicated in 1969, breaks from classical norms with open-air spaces, volcano-shaped chambers, and a partially-glass reflecting pool symbolizing the Pacific. Unlike most American Capitols, it is grounded in Hawaii’s unique culture and landscapes.
Alaska (1931)
Classical Revival, Neoclassical (portico)
Photo: James Brooks
Nebraska (1932)
Art Deco, Renaissance Revival
Photo: Sean Pavone
Louisiana (1932)
Art Deco, Gothic Revival
Photo: Zack Frank
West Virginia (1932)
Beaux-Arts, Neoclassical
Photo: Sean Pavone
Delaware (1933)
Federal, Georgian
Photo: Jon Bilous
North Dakota (1934)
Art Deco
Photo: Traveler70
Oregon (1938)
Art Deco, Streamline Moderne
Photo: Zack Frank
New Mexico (1966)
Pueblo Revival, Modernist
Photo: Zack Frank
Hawaii (1969)
Modernist
Photo: Theodore Trimmer
Florida (1977)
International
Photo: Felix Mizioznikov