America’s Early Capitols (1779-1861)

The earliest American capitols reflected a strong English influence through the Georgian and Federal styles. Thomas Jefferson’s Virginia State Capitol marked a shift towards Greek Revival architecture, symbolizing a break from British tradition. Though modest, early capitols reached skyward with belfries, cupolas, and wooden domes sheathed in copper, which were vulnerable to leaks and fire.

An 1847 fire in Alabama’s old capitol spurred innovation. Its replacement became the first to incorporate an iron dome. This is but one of many examples of how readily affordable iron, made possible by furnace advances, transformed American skylines.

Maryland (1779)

Georgian, Federal

Photo: Feliz Lipov

Virginia (1788)

Neoclassical

Photo: Sean Pavone

New Jersey (1792)

Georgian Revival

Photo: Henryk Sadura

Massachusetts (1798)

Federal

Photo: Diego Grandi

New Hampshire (1819)

Federal, Colonial Revival

Photo: Zack Frank

Maine (1832)

Greek Revival, Neoclassical

Photo: Wangkun Jia

North Carolina (1840)

Greek Revival, Georgian Revival

Photo: Sean Pavone

Alabama (1851)

Greek Revival

Photo: Sean Pavone

Vermont (1859)

Greek Revival

Photo: Wangkun Jia

Tennessee (1859)

Greek Revival

Photo: Wangkun Jia

Ohio (1861)

Greek Revival

Photo: Joseph Sohm

The National Capitol Sets the Standard (1856-1866)

The U.S. Capitol’s iconic iron dome, begun in 1856 and completed in 1866, set a new standard for state capitol design nationwide. The decision to continue its construction during the Civil War underscored the Federal Government’s dedication to preserving the Union. To the thousands of men and women who spent time in Washington during the war, it came to symbolize hope for a better future and liberty for all - including those formerly enslaved.

The U.S. Capitol as it appeared in the 1830s with its shallow “Bullfinch” dome.

The U.S. Capitol nearing completion of its current dome in the 1860s.

Images courtesy the Library of Congress

American Renaissance Revival Capitols (1869-1903)

Following the Civil War, as the nation sought unity and healing, the newly completed dome of the U.S. Capitol emerged as a powerful symbol of American government. Soon tall domes—often made partly or completely of iron--became the defining architectural feature of the many new state capitols being constructed across the country.

This era, spanning from the end of the Civil War to the beginning of World War I, is often called the golden age of state capitol construction. During this time, twenty-nine current state capitol buildings were constructed. Many other pre-existing capitols were dramatically expanded with additional wings, levels, and domes.

California (1869)

Neoclassical, Renaissance Revival

Photo: Sundry Photography

Nevada (1871)

Classical Revival, Italianate

Photo: Joseph Sohm

Michigan (1879)

Renaissance Revival

Photo: MotionPossible

Connecticut (1879)

High Victorian Gothic

Photo: Wangkun Jia

Iowa (1884)

Renaissance Revival

Photo: Joseph Sohm

Illinois (1888)

French Renaissance Revival

Photo: Henryk Sadura

Indiana (1888)

Renaissance Revival

Photo: Jonathan Weiss

Texas (1888)

Renaissance Revival

Photo: Stan A. Williams

Georgia (1889)

Greek Revival

Photo: Felix Mizioznikov

Wyoming (1890)

Classical Revival

Photo: Logan Bush

Colorado (1894)

Renaissance Revival

Photo: f11photo

New York (1899)

Romanesque Revival, Renaissance Revival

Photo: Wangkun Jia

Arizona (1901)

Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival

Photo: Logan Bush

Montana (1902)

Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival

Photo: Framalicious

Kansas (1903)

Renaissance Revival, Beaux-Arts

Photo: Wirestock Creators

American Beaux Arts Capitols (1902-1928)

The 1893 Columbian Exhibition, or Chicago World’s Fair, heralded the flowering of the French-inspired Beaux Arts movement in America. Millions of fair visitors marveled at the “White City” and took home a taste for increasingly elaborate commercial and public buildings as part of the new “City Beautiful” movement. In the following years, prosperous communities built new city halls, courthouses, and Capitols in this style.

Many of the new Beaux Arts buildings constructed in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries contained popular new building materials, like steel and electric lights. Many Capitols affixed and strung lightbulbs on every available surface, including both interior and exterior domes. Soon America’s newest Capitols shone as beacons in an entirely new way.

Mississippi (1903)

Greek Revival

Photo: Sean Pavone

Rhode Island (1904)

Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival

Photo: Wangkun Jia

Minnesota (1905)

Renaissance Revival, Beaux-Arts

Photo: Joseph Sohm

Pennsylvania (1906)

Renaissance Revival, Beaux-Arts

Photo: The Clio

South Carolina (1907)

Greek Revival, Neoclassical

Photo: Sean Pavone

Kentucky (1910)

Beaux-Arts, Neoclassical

Photo: Sean Pavone

South Dakota (1910)

Beaux-Arts

Photo: Joseph Sohm

Arkansas (1915)

Beaux-Arts, Neoclassical

Photo: Joseph Sohm

Utah (1916)

Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival

Photo: Traveler70

Missouri (1917)

Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival

Photo: Wirestock Creators

Wisconsin (1917)

Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival

Photo: Sean Pavone

Oklahoma (1917)

Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival

Photo: Henryk Sadura

Idaho (1920)

Beaux-Arts, Classical Revival

Photo: Nick Fox

Washington (1928)

Beaux-Arts, Neoclassical

Photo: Zack Frank

America’s Modern Capitols (1931-1977)

Capitols built from the 1930s onward reflect new interpretations of traditional forms, blending classical elements with regional identity and modern sensibilities. These “modern” capitols move beyond Neo-classical symmetry, embracing localized styles and materials. They show how architecture can express both governmental authority and regional character.

Delaware’s Legislative Hall, completed in 1933, incorporates Colonial Revival elements into a twentieth-century sized building. Its central tower, multi-pane windows, and classical cornice nod to the East Coast’s English colonial past.  Hawaii’s Capitol, dedicated in 1969, breaks from classical norms with open-air spaces, volcano-shaped chambers, and a partially-glass reflecting pool symbolizing the Pacific. Unlike most American Capitols, it is grounded in Hawaii’s unique culture and landscapes.

Alaska (1931)

Classical Revival, Neoclassical (portico)

Photo: James Brooks

Nebraska (1932)

Art Deco, Renaissance Revival

Photo: Sean Pavone

Louisiana (1932)

Art Deco, Gothic Revival

Photo: Zack Frank

West Virginia (1932)

Beaux-Arts, Neoclassical

Photo: Sean Pavone

Delaware (1933)

Federal, Georgian

Photo: Jon Bilous

North Dakota (1934)

Art Deco

Photo: Traveler70

Oregon (1938)

Art Deco, Streamline Moderne

Photo: Zack Frank

New Mexico (1966)

Pueblo Revival, Modernist

Photo: Zack Frank

Hawaii (1969)

Modernist

Photo: Theodore Trimmer

Florida (1977)

International

Photo: Felix Mizioznikov